Abell, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008 Economics On the basis of an extensive study in the northern districts of Karnataka, various treatments with NPV, Chysoperla carnea, and endosulfan alone or in various combinations were found to hold a great promise for effective management of this pest on sunflower. thuringiensis when evaluated against the fourth instar larvae of Spilosoma obliqua under laboratory conditions gave 100% mortality within 24 hrs. Timely spray of Ha NPV at 450 LE ha −1 twice can protect sunflower crops from head borer. Helicoverpa armigera, a dreaded pest of sunflower is parasitized by two species of tachinid, namely, Carcelia illata and Exorista xanthaspis by up to 24.54% in Gujrat ( Patel and Talati, 1987). by up to 38% and up to 15.12% by Apanteles obliquaei and A. Spilosoma obliqua larvae have been reported to be parasitized by Charops sp. Various biological control agents attack pests. Abrol, Uma Shankar, in Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production, 2016 Biological control Advancements are needed in research and technology, regulatory oversight, and grower education to foster continued growth of commercial biological control for arthropod pests of tomato.ĭharam P. Expansion in the development and use of BCAs will require additional testing in tomato production systems, as will the generation of new microbial pesticide products. The sources and applications for microbial pesticides are also described. Biological control of tomato pests in protected culture and the field is reviewed, including sources of BCAs, quality assurance in their production, tomato grower evaluation of the products, and examples of their uses and costs. To encourage further development of commercial products, most of the major arthropod pests of tomato are listed, along with some of their existing and potential BCAs and microbial pesticides. Many invertebrate biological control agents (BCAs) and a few microbial pesticides are available to manage tomato pests, but considerably more that have been discovered and evaluated at some level could be produced commercially. Zalom, in Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato, 2018 Abstract Additionally, faster crop growth may shorten the time between applications, having direct effects on producers, economics, environment, and food safety ( Juroszek and von Tiedemann, 2011). An increase in the number of outbreaks could lead to greater use of pesticides, increasing the risk of pest resistance to pesticides. System-level effects of climate change – such as changes in productive zones, increases or decreases in crop area and diversity, and changes in yield – may produce a direct effect on pesticide use, pesticide activity, and the volumes needed and applied in a given region ( Miraglia et al., 2009). Garrett, in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2014 Changes in Management and Management Efficacyīiological control agents may become less effective if there is a greater fluctuation in temperature, humidity, rain periods, and other weather conditions under climate change scenarios ( Garrett et al., 2006 Juroszek and von Tiedemann, 2011).